Melampaui Akal dan Wahyu
Sintesis Konseptual tentang Validasi Pengetahuan dalam Epistemologi Islam
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71456/jis.v4i3.2775Keywords:
Epistemologi Islam, Validasi Pengetahuan, Sintesis KonseptualAbstract
Literatur epistemologi Islam telah membahas wahyu, akal, indra, intuisi, pembuktian, kepastian, transmisi, dan otoritas secara luas, tetapi hubungan fungsional di antara unsur-unsur tersebut belum selalu dijelaskan dengan terang. Akibatnya, epistemologi Islam sering dibaca hanya melalui hubungan akal dan wahyu atau sebagai daftar konsep yang berdiri sendiri. Kajian ini menelaah bagaimana unsur-unsur itu bekerja dalam proses memperoleh dan menilai pengetahuan. Analisis isi kualitatif dilakukan terhadap metadata dan abstrak artikel Scopus, disertai verifikasi teks lengkap secara selektif pada rujukan utama. Dari 1.030 rekaman awal, proses deduplikasi dan penyaringan menghasilkan 232 artikel inti; 124 artikel menjadi dasar analisis utama, 108 artikel dipakai sebagai pendukung, dan 36 artikel utama diperiksa melalui teks lengkap. Tiga pertanyaan menjadi panduan awal: dari mana pengetahuan memperoleh dasar, bagaimana pengetahuan dipahami dan diuji, serta dengan ukuran apa pengetahuan dinilai sahih. Hasil sintesis menunjukkan tiga fungsi yang saling berkaitan: sumber pengetahuan, cara memahami dan menguji pengetahuan, serta kriteria validitas. Wahyu, akal, indra, tradisi, fiṭrah, dan pengalaman dapat memberi dasar bagi pengetahuan; intelek, bahasa, penafsiran, burhān, dan ijtihād membantu mengolahnya; sedangkan yaqīn, kekuatan bukti, kesesuaian dengan realitas, koherensi dengan wahyu, dan keandalan transmisi digunakan untuk menilainya. Satu unsur dapat menjalankan lebih dari satu fungsi. Pembedaan ini menjelaskan hubungan kerja antarunsur yang selama ini tersebar dalam literatur.
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