Dari Kekebalan Kelompok ke Kekebalan Rapuh
Tinjauan Kebangkitan Campak
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71456/jik.v5i1.2984Keywords:
Beban Ekonomi, Campak, Keraguan Vaksin, Kekebalan Kelompok, Ketahanan Sistem ImunisasiAbstract
Campak kembali meningkat di banyak negara setelah pandemi COVID-19. Indonesia juga mengalaminya. Sepanjang 2025, Indonesia mencatat 63.769 kasus yang diduga campak dan 69 kematian. Tinjauan ini bertujuan memahami mengapa kekebalan kelompok melemah, apa dampaknya, dan bagaimana sistem imunisasi merespons. Tinjauan ini memakai pendekatan tinjauan naratif. Sumbernya adalah 33 artikel jurnal terindeks Scopus yang terbit pada 2024–2026. Temuan disintesis secara tematik dengan dua kerangka, yaitu model 5C tentang keraguan vaksin dan kerangka ketahanan sistem kesehatan. Hasilnya menunjukkan dua jalur pemicu. Jalur pertama berasal dari masyarakat, terutama kekhawatiran soal keamanan dan kehalalan vaksin serta hambatan akses. Jalur kedua berasal dari sistem imunisasi yang terguncang pandemi, konflik, dan lemahnya pencatatan. Kedua jalur bermuara pada kesenjangan kekebalan yang terkumpul diam-diam, termasuk pada remaja dan dewasa muda. Biaya wabah naik lebih cepat daripada penurunan cakupan vaksin. Biaya per kasus berkisar dari sekitar 3 ribu hingga lebih dari 100 ribu dolar Amerika Serikat. Di Indonesia, pemicunya berbeda antarwilayah. Di sebagian wilayah, hambatan akses lebih menonjol. Di wilayah lain, keyakinan agama lebih menonjol. Tinjauan ini mengusulkan kerangka konseptual terpadu dengan lima proposisi yang dapat diuji. Implikasinya, strategi imunisasi perlu dibedakan menurut jenis hambatan di tiap wilayah.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Asep Kuswandi, Mariya Ulfah, Titi Nurhayati, Syahrial Shaddiq, Syamsul Rizal Sinulingga, & Muhammad Ihsan
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